{"id":1016,"date":"2022-05-29T10:22:24","date_gmt":"2022-05-29T08:22:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/?page_id=1016"},"modified":"2022-08-10T22:37:34","modified_gmt":"2022-08-10T20:37:34","slug":"functioning","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/en\/constructed-wetlands\/functioning\/","title":{"rendered":"CW Operation Principle"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='layer_slider_1'  class='avia-layerslider main_color avia-shadow  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  container_wrap sidebar_right'  style='height: 1081px;'  ><\/div><div id='after_layer_slider_1'  class='main_color av_default_container_wrap container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div class='container av-section-cont-open' ><div class='template-page content  av-content-small alpha units'><div class='post-entry post-entry-type-page post-entry-1016'><div class='entry-content-wrapper clearfix'>\n<div  class='flex_column av-10m9q9-b3761f8e8d0a702dfd80caac2d13f6e7 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_layerslider  el_before_av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-first  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-93hip-38c41ed6891cf221fce80e57f638f5ca av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3752kup-03ae44336c0793c7abb119f3436120d0 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Constructed wetlands<\/h2>\n<p>In the literature and in the relevant regulations, a constructed wetland is also referred to as a plant bed, reed bed or reed bed sewage treatment plant. Technical terms such as planted soil filter or planted filter are also common. The plants consist of a permeable filter substrate and are planted with moisture-loving plants. A distinction is made between plants with a vertical or horizontal flow vector. Operators of a constructed wetland do not pay connection fees or wastewater contributions. However, they are obliged to regularly prove the function of the plant to the water authorities. For this purpose, they must submit a maintenance contract with a suitable company.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-vhdv5-1b9a309ebd6dcd347e234a8931d9d231 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3eb2fii-2cda2c5973a1afc68b25c0f680a45d17\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-l3eb2fii-2cda2c5973a1afc68b25c0f680a45d17{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-l3eb2fii-2cda2c5973a1afc68b25c0f680a45d17 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-5  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-v1ae1-50198d45201abcd3de89f42f54479354 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-rse21-0798bde159e4b1cd198eec7200f3a4b5\">\n.avia-image-container.av-rse21-0798bde159e4b1cd198eec7200f3a4b5 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-rse21-0798bde159e4b1cd198eec7200f3a4b5 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-rse21-0798bde159e4b1cd198eec7200f3a4b5 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-7  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-651 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-651 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlagen-sind-begehbar.jpg\" alt='' title='pflanzenklaeranlagen-sind-begehbar'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlagen-sind-begehbar.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlagen-sind-begehbar-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3753of4-607282cad5d918fcedd0dffcbe51870c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Constructed wetlands can be walked over. No open water surfaces are formed. Contact with wastewater is excluded.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-kt3rd-8c726d164c83268ca7be4d0f432c6039 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1jxa9-689f8cbcb30fef9fa16a3e03c5dcf4c9\">\n.avia-image-container.av-1jxa9-689f8cbcb30fef9fa16a3e03c5dcf4c9 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-1jxa9-689f8cbcb30fef9fa16a3e03c5dcf4c9 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-1jxa9-689f8cbcb30fef9fa16a3e03c5dcf4c9 av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-10  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-647 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-647 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-im-winter.jpg\" alt='' title='pflanzenklaeranlage-im-winter'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-im-winter.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-im-winter-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3754dwo-31c5a131a503a284fc45609c153bde6e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>The planted soil filter cleans wastewater even in deep winter, although the reed has died on the surface.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-8q8o1-7e88a2fc11e6e2485ec904e19d76e520\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-8q8o1-7e88a2fc11e6e2485ec904e19d76e520{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-8q8o1-7e88a2fc11e6e2485ec904e19d76e520 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-12  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2wm23l-84cf0237ede58098baa04b1a0db64c1c av_one_half  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2q3pdd-1c7661ea8372512d6036288fe52f50ae\">\n.avia-image-container.av-2q3pdd-1c7661ea8372512d6036288fe52f50ae img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-2q3pdd-1c7661ea8372512d6036288fe52f50ae .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-2q3pdd-1c7661ea8372512d6036288fe52f50ae av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-14  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-653 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-653 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilfklaeranlage-direkt-am-haus.jpg\" alt='' title='schilfklaeranlage-direkt-am-haus'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilfklaeranlage-direkt-am-haus.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilfklaeranlage-direkt-am-haus-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3757y8q-bb8657a9ca7e5e0bf01728d94e868549 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>A reed bed treatment plant can also be built close to the residential house. There is no odor nuisance.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-2i8jp5-6e401b162dc7bb863a5ae26137e38633 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-16  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2frqxt-2cf5f53b5f57b41c20819136914d5c74\">\n.avia-image-container.av-2frqxt-2cf5f53b5f57b41c20819136914d5c74 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-2frqxt-2cf5f53b5f57b41c20819136914d5c74 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-2frqxt-2cf5f53b5f57b41c20819136914d5c74 av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-17  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-649 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-649 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-in-betrieb-seit-1993.jpg\" alt='' title='pflanzenklaeranlage-in-betrieb-seit-1993'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-in-betrieb-seit-1993.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-in-betrieb-seit-1993-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3758869-05e6890f6d7f264c9ddb3b1a2adff4a6 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>non-Electric and trouble-free. The Bender family&#8217;s constructed wetland has been in operation in Gambach, Hesse, since 1993.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3eb3jmz-6994a040cfccb03ecdecf8e0b3fc51f3\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-l3eb3jmz-6994a040cfccb03ecdecf8e0b3fc51f3{\nheight:75px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-l3eb3jmz-6994a040cfccb03ecdecf8e0b3fc51f3 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-19  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l37595he-0d4f5a8163cb46d2fed2f10ad42c9e4a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Purification processes in a constructed wetland<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section>\n<div  class='flex_column av-29z8rl-c1f948dc00ae63355702f0a3b716a234 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-21  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_two_fifth  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l375aggo-5a4cc41fe0ab4c27e87194e5ce4a4b12 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>As in all wastewater treatment plants, the biological treatment performance in a constructed wetland is carried out by microorganisms. In technical systems like (settle on a fixed bed, a trickling filter or a disc immersion tank); in other systems, they float on sludge flocs in the wastewater. In reed bed treatment systems, the microorganisms live on the surface of the substrate and feed on the dirt load carried by the wastewater. The porous soil in combination with the root system of the plants creates an ideal environment for the process of wastewater treatment. In addition to biological (microbial degradation), a mechanical (filtering effect) and physicochemical processes (adsorption and precipitation) also play an important role in wastewater treatment.<br \/>\nIn tests on our soil filters, we were able to determine that organic pollution is already reduced by up to 90 % in the uppermost soil layers by microbial activities. A prerequisite for good carbon decomposition is the regular supply of oxygen to the microorganisms. This is achieved by intermittent feeding, i.e. feeding with alternating longer dry and wet phases.<\/p>\n<p>In domestic wastewater, nitrogen occurs in the form of ammonium nitrogen (NH4 -N). Ammonium nitrogen can be converted into toxic ammonia in the water and then becomes a danger to aquatic fauna. Keyword: fish mortality.<\/p>\n<p>In our vertical flow constructed wetlands, the ammonium nitrogen is removed from the wastewater by oxygen-loving (aerobic) microorganisms and converted to nitrate in the upper soil zones. This nitrate-nitrogen (NO3 -N) remains in the treated wastewater as the end product of nitrification. For the removal of nitrate-nitrogen, a further clarification stage is necessary, in which denitrification takes place.<\/p>\n<p>If denitrification of the nitrate is required, we add a lushly planted pond, for example, to our vertical flow filters. [DETAILS ERG\u00c4NZEN] The wastewater is continuously discharged into the deeper water layers, where atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is reduced from nitrate nitrogen (NO3 -N) under anaerobic conditions. This nitrogen then escapes into the atmosphere or is bound in the plants.<\/p>\n<p>In a constructed wetland, phosphate is partially removed from the wastewater stream via biological processes and stored in the plants. These are microorganisms that live in a changing environment of oxygen-rich and -poor zones, where they provide phosphorus reduction in a biological manner. Phosphorus can also be fixed in the soil filter or in a downstream unit, through the incorporation of substrates high in iron and aluminum salts, to which phosphates bind by adsorption.<\/p>\n<p>The human body is colonized by millions of bacteria without which, for example, the entire metabolism would collapse. Pathogenic bacteria or germs are often found in wastewater, as they are naturally excreted by the human body. If such pathogens get back into a human body, there is a risk of infections and diseases.<\/p>\n<p>In Germany, germ elimination in wastewater treatment plants is state of the art. Here in Germany, engineers are already focusing on developing treatment stages that are capable of removing pharmaceutical residues and microplastics from wastewater. In many parts of the world, however, wastewater still poses a significant risk of infection. This must be reduced, which is why germ elimination must have priority in the planning of a wastewater treatment plant, but preferably not by still chlorinating the effluents.<\/p>\n<p>It has been widely documented that constructed wetlands are very good at reducing fecal coliforms. We were able to demonstrate this observation impressively at one of our wastewater treatment plants in Paraguay. Since July 2014, a constructed wetland treats wastewater from a chicken slaughterhouse. The plant is designed for 400 m\u00b3\/d, but is charged with up to 800 m\u00b3\/d daily. The plant is sampled monthly, which shows that the germ reduction works very well even at hydraulic overload.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-2daza1-20f582bef4e7ecbe9392aa22f562584b av_two_fifth  avia-builder-el-23  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l46qmg68-d8c0903d33d3da386f7d92d2bb133a71\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-l46qmg68-d8c0903d33d3da386f7d92d2bb133a71{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-l46qmg68-d8c0903d33d3da386f7d92d2bb133a71 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-24  el_before_av_image  avia-builder-el-first '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r0shal-2ef9c8e48a2acf3e02dd8631673c53cc\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r0shal-2ef9c8e48a2acf3e02dd8631673c53cc img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r0shal-2ef9c8e48a2acf3e02dd8631673c53cc .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r0shal-2ef9c8e48a2acf3e02dd8631673c53cc av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-25  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_textblock '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-655 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-655 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ablaufwerte-bodenfilter-faekalcoliforme-keime.jpg\" alt='' title='ablaufwerte-bodenfilter-faekalcoliforme-keime'  height=\"511\" width=\"1000\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ablaufwerte-bodenfilter-faekalcoliforme-keime.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ablaufwerte-bodenfilter-faekalcoliforme-keime-300x153.jpg 300w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ablaufwerte-bodenfilter-faekalcoliforme-keime-768x392.jpg 768w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/ablaufwerte-bodenfilter-faekalcoliforme-keime-705x360.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r0p61z-b3fbad72801dcb8b470b00463d4d44e9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>It\u00e1, Paraguay, &#8220;Pollo Don Juan&#8221;. The plant was put into operation in July 2014. Since then, the germ reduction by the soil filter has been almost consistently below the values required in the EU for bathing water. The treated wastewater is used at the plant for washing vehicles and for watering the green areas.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3eb3vjt-bb160e5a0e86516bf5e42eeb25604a97\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-l3eb3vjt-bb160e5a0e86516bf5e42eeb25604a97{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-l3eb3vjt-bb160e5a0e86516bf5e42eeb25604a97 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-27  el_after_av_two_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2b35tl-89145045923946e7fff72d6b7c6c195d av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-28  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-22bokh-7414a1e74d918409ba0e88672af234c0 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-29  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r0ucwu-b68f34ffef6bcd855297c17a7dd9909b '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>The role of plants in a constructed wetland<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r0uqdc-ec39903dcfa04ef64011e84a3fdc15d0 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Where most of the cleaning processes take place, i.e. in the uppermost soil zones, the root growth of the plants is also particularly pronounced. In temperate climates, the use of reeds (Phragmites australis or Phragmites communis) has proven successful. Reeds sprout anew each spring from rhizomes that have overwintered in the soil. The plant shoots root through the filter body mainly in the upper third and form a widely branching branch. As they grow, the soil is continually re-penetrated, and the increasing root mass causes the substrate to grow gently upward over the years. This ecosystem of microorganisms and root system maintains itself as long as the supply of moisture and nutrients is guaranteed. It is a completely natural process that we use over long periods of time for the purpose of wastewater treatment.<\/p>\n<p>The reed needs a moist location, in nature we find it along lakes, rivers and drainage ditches. It can survive long dry periods or be constantly in the water. It tolerates regular pruning but only when the cut stalks still stick out of the water, otherwise the underground parts of the plant suffocate.<\/p>\n<p>In the tropics and large parts of the subtropics, reeds do not occur. In contrast, we find reeds in large parts of Europe and Asia. There are large stands of reeds in the Middle East, Mesopotamia to the shores of the Persian Gulf. In North-America throughout the northern continent, well into southern Mexico. In South-America, we find natural occurrences in the southern Andes and Patagonia. Even though all these occurrences come under the collective term reed, they are all regionally distinct subspecies. When selecting reeds for a constructed wetland, we should therefore try to obtain cuttings from local stands. In the case of reeds, this is particularly easy to do using culm cuttings, which are inserted into the moist soil with at least one culm node. After a short time, the cuttings will root at the node and a new rhizome will form.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-1x90y9-40842d5cf5ed333eba78761af426405e av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-32  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-33  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-19p3xl-c6a637bca647fc899b3a002e46ccbef5 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-34  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-14duwh-ea5aac4797a73175a6bdc2b6e1539934\">\n.avia-image-container.av-14duwh-ea5aac4797a73175a6bdc2b6e1539934 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-14duwh-ea5aac4797a73175a6bdc2b6e1539934 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-14duwh-ea5aac4797a73175a6bdc2b6e1539934 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-35  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-659 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-659 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilf-phragmites-comunis-patagonien.jpg\" alt='' title='schilf-phragmites-comunis-patagonien'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilf-phragmites-comunis-patagonien.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilf-phragmites-comunis-patagonien-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l375clsx-c8e139150422dfcca967493bab1a1165 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Natural reed beds are found in all temperate climates, as here in southern Argentina.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-617xt-17e942e6c7f9cac6186d43f615c29a86 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-37  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1ls72h-f94f9f7ccc3f2ada3132a2b683bffa99\">\n.avia-image-container.av-1ls72h-f94f9f7ccc3f2ada3132a2b683bffa99 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-1ls72h-f94f9f7ccc3f2ada3132a2b683bffa99 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-1ls72h-f94f9f7ccc3f2ada3132a2b683bffa99 av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-38  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-657 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-657 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilf-phragmites-comunis-irak-kuwait.jpg\" alt='' title='schilf-phragmites-comunis-irak-kuwait'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilf-phragmites-comunis-irak-kuwait.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schilf-phragmites-comunis-irak-kuwait-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-1hf9dl-dc6b8bb164ded8ee387b0db33a104ed7 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>In Iraq and Kuwait, natural reed beds form almost impenetrable reed beds up to 4 m high.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-40  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1893kp-1eb9a0841f4c33edab42324b03b03212 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-41  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-119q6x-f5dc790e6294246b72bb42d4a6206e0d av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-42  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r12jko-ec674b796e74628672e5245a391fec39 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>A constructed wetland does not necessarily have to be planted with reeds. There are good reasons to use other plants as well.<\/p>\n<p>Climatic reasons: In large parts of tropical and subtropical climates, there are no natural stands of reed. Nevertheless, when planted, it is susceptible to insect damage and weak in competition with other species.<\/p>\n<p>Aesthetic and ecological reasons: A constructed wetland can be a beautiful design element of an outdoor landscape. Indian flower cane (Canna indica), from the Cannaceae plant family, offers a wide variety of cultivars with gorgeous flowers. Ca\u00f1a de India loves the moist, nutrient-rich location of a planter as long as it is not overrun. They spread very well by rhizome growth and can form imposing stands in a very short time.<\/p>\n<p>The numerous cultivated hybrids captivate with their large flowers, which, however, are sterile and barren. The wild species native to the Americas, on the other hand, offer nectar in their calyxes and are readily visited by hummingbirds and large butterflies.<\/p>\n<p>Commercial reasons: It makes sense to use the nutrient-rich site of a soil filter for commercially viable plant species. At CIATEJ in Guadalajara, Mexico, ornamental lilies (Agapanthus africanus) are planted, propagated and sold at the institute&#8217;s own constructed wetland. In Paraguay, piri (Cyperus giganteus) grows well on the alternating wet site and forms dense stands. The culms of the piri are harvested and woven into screen mats.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-xucu1-e688fbeb0854cec62ed02682853252b0 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-44  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-45  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-tmb2h-db4e656da1f3d477a51e5c085fd91b67 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-46  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r19cim-aaaa98636ec24cf169c4aa82d1043197\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r19cim-aaaa98636ec24cf169c4aa82d1043197 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r19cim-aaaa98636ec24cf169c4aa82d1043197 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r19cim-aaaa98636ec24cf169c4aa82d1043197 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-47  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-661 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-661 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-blumenrohr.jpg\" alt='' title='pflanzenklaeranlage-blumenrohr'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-blumenrohr.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-blumenrohr-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r16cnw-5ff2e9c76ebcc0324ffb662866483dd4 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Vegetated sewage treatment plant in Paraguay planted with Indian flower cane (Canna indica) and Pir\u00ed (Cyperus giganteus).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-27sep-1970a201f29503fda152613e85d5e5ce av_one_half  avia-builder-el-49  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r19oyv-e53beb00e9444a7ff1448845f58e5b43\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r19oyv-e53beb00e9444a7ff1448845f58e5b43 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r19oyv-e53beb00e9444a7ff1448845f58e5b43 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r19oyv-e53beb00e9444a7ff1448845f58e5b43 av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-50  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-663 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-663 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-mexiko-schmucklilien.jpg\" alt='' title='pflanzenklaeranlage-mexiko-schmucklilien'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-mexiko-schmucklilien.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-mexiko-schmucklilien-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r16nly-903549c3195b9f7b829357b7851b24bb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Jewel lilies (Agapanthus africanus) at a CIATEJ constructed wetland in Guadalajara; Mexico.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-hosvl-028b2d27913571a63fd0550410ee6d03 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-52  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r19v2m-2ef671e55dfcafc19a3f13c3a4ac97d6\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r19v2m-2ef671e55dfcafc19a3f13c3a4ac97d6 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r19v2m-2ef671e55dfcafc19a3f13c3a4ac97d6 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r19v2m-2ef671e55dfcafc19a3f13c3a4ac97d6 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-53  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-667 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-667 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/valletucan-pflanzenbeet-september-2013.jpg\" alt='' title='valletucan-pflanzenbeet-september-2013'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/valletucan-pflanzenbeet-september-2013.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/valletucan-pflanzenbeet-september-2013-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r1716y-6aa433a38480fdedbc9ddc22097b9c05 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>September 2013, the constructed wetland at our office building in Paraguay was put into operation.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-6u7x5-bfbd44873c8b2b76944129bec6944eb2 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-55  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r1a3xq-ae1bbfa54104db610d5c51e0ef86cda1\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r1a3xq-ae1bbfa54104db610d5c51e0ef86cda1 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r1a3xq-ae1bbfa54104db610d5c51e0ef86cda1 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r1a3xq-ae1bbfa54104db610d5c51e0ef86cda1 av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-56  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-665 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-665 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/valletucan-pflanzenbeet-maerz-2014.jpg\" alt='' title='valletucan-pflanzenbeet-maerz-2014'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/valletucan-pflanzenbeet-maerz-2014.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/valletucan-pflanzenbeet-maerz-2014-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r17h23-09d87af9831478d881c9bd9c6eaca09a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>March 2014, after 6 months the flower cane (Canna indica) has established a dense stand. The bulky taro (Colocasia spc.) is already slowly coming to the fore and will become more dominant in the following years.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3eb5d47-397823de400eed086d1c896c2d045a47\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-l3eb5d47-397823de400eed086d1c896c2d045a47{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-l3eb5d47-397823de400eed086d1c896c2d045a47 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-58  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-3uvzq1-55ef49d8307c28c20fdddbd1732afcce av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-59  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-3sdtkx-ba8a0fb9a7f180f051008bf6ca40712e av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-60  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r43n1d-31621183fd161b03ded27d4b5ffe1795 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Method and operation<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r4496v-0825f61f6f612b129f2e28ae6592c13c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Wastewater treatment in a constructed wetland takes place in two stages. In the mechanical stage the wastewater is preclarified and in the soil filter the biological purification takes place.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-3m2zop-689777c06fcdea2bd1cd26a31aff6243 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-63  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3ggnqh-763c4aba721c3d70b0189e9863f4ba58\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-3ggnqh-763c4aba721c3d70b0189e9863f4ba58{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-3ggnqh-763c4aba721c3d70b0189e9863f4ba58 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-64  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-bt1f5-472b7e0d147fddfe668752fc7ebf29fb av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-65  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-33u4b5-8f079b3ff84fa4ae9cd85fe1e06bbf4c av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-66  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r44tgf-56d6edcf51f2d94f2f950494d941000e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>The preclarification<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r454x2-fdd8e2c4292ea892c9cb6ed2e010f8cb '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>For small wastewater treatment plants, a multi-chamber pit according to DIN 4261-1 is usually used as primary treatment. The required size of the multi-chamber pit is 300 liters per inhabitant and at least 3,000 liters.<\/p>\n<p>The specification for the pit volume comes from the DWA rules and regulations worksheet DWA-A 262 edition November 2017 &#8220;Principles for the design, construction and operation of wastewater treatment plants with planted and unplanted filters for the treatment of domestic and municipal wastewater&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/pflanzenklaeranlagen.de\/#jeder-branche-sein-regelwerk\"><strong>Each industry has its own set of rules!<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p>In countries that manage with fewer rules, we usually plan much more compact septic tanks than the German worksheet prescribes. The plants function flawlessly, and the execution plans are tailored to the available materials and the craftsmanship of the local masons.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-2y3b3d-9588ce65ef84ecf5bdeee9a00559b80d av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-69  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_one_half  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-2rr1i1-4eac652c660e7bda199b141965453f95 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-70  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r47l8a-4d0d818332103e92aeb8fd56830b8a39\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r47l8a-4d0d818332103e92aeb8fd56830b8a39 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r47l8a-4d0d818332103e92aeb8fd56830b8a39 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r47l8a-4d0d818332103e92aeb8fd56830b8a39 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-71  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-677 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-677 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/dreikammergrube-fertigteil.jpg\" alt='' title='dreikammergrube-fertigteil'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/dreikammergrube-fertigteil.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/dreikammergrube-fertigteil-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r46r08-47135e5dac1e625e04f6d58b3aa21e1b '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Multi-chamber settling pit in monolithic design incl. crane unloading, standard in Germany<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-2mx7s9-65143fe92d87aaffe9b73b7bfeff8cfd av_one_half  avia-builder-el-73  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r47qzu-999aa21ee4bc84c26cc9ac108e88c96b\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r47qzu-999aa21ee4bc84c26cc9ac108e88c96b img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r47qzu-999aa21ee4bc84c26cc9ac108e88c96b .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r47qzu-999aa21ee4bc84c26cc9ac108e88c96b av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-74  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-679 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-679 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/dreikammergrube-gemauert.jpg\" alt='' title='dreikammergrube-gemauert'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/dreikammergrube-gemauert.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/dreikammergrube-gemauert-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r4719k-fa13f6ba6aa4ecce5073cdce80510cc8 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Multi-chamber settling pit self bricked and waterproof plastered in Paraguay<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-76  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1y16u9-953a4ff51c0b81de7644f4528701141d av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-77  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1705ip-3e0de681801d1993ff9e6f0112baf153 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-78  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-142bc1-dbc316300b6e995c33a722cac54c6bfc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>The soil filters &#8211; Horizontal flow<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-yiqx5-7529bd5368ce7f7ed2a61fd58f634826 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>At the end of the 80s \/ beginning of the 90s, the first federal states started to tighten their water management laws. In the future, biological treatment stages had to be installed downstream of the existing settling pits. At that time, the only near-natural process besides wastewater ponds was the horizontal flow constructed wetland. The discussion at that time still revolved around whether a rather cohesive or a permeable filter material should be used.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-p6ew9-a9a1964ad0dbd08673c7e779c9ff5c5f\">\n.avia-image-container.av-p6ew9-a9a1964ad0dbd08673c7e779c9ff5c5f img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-p6ew9-a9a1964ad0dbd08673c7e779c9ff5c5f .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-p6ew9-a9a1964ad0dbd08673c7e779c9ff5c5f av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-81  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-681 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-681 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schema-horizontal-durchstroemtes-pflanzenbeet.jpg\" alt='' title='schema-horizontal-durchstroemtes-pflanzenbeet'  height=\"364\" width=\"1000\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schema-horizontal-durchstroemtes-pflanzenbeet.jpg 1000w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schema-horizontal-durchstroemtes-pflanzenbeet-300x109.jpg 300w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schema-horizontal-durchstroemtes-pflanzenbeet-768x280.jpg 768w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schema-horizontal-durchstroemtes-pflanzenbeet-705x257.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-n8cip-0feba02278226161580672d365c7e079 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Fig.: Three-chamber pit, horizontal flow constructed wetland with inlet and outlet baffles and an inspection shaft.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-hdfxd-92f1a3d57a9b97750998514addfb8b00 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In the horizontal flow system, the pretreated wastewater is ideally fed into the system in a free fall. The inlet and outlet area consists of drainage gravel in which the wastewater quickly seeps in or drains off. A layer of fine gravel forms a transition to the actual soil body, which consists of a well permeable sand. The filter fleece, which can still be seen in the drawing, we have not used for a long time, because barrier layers had formed along the fleece.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-2b30f5-4f935b77913a3589b07f7480397a5af5 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-84  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_one_half  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1rppsp-614f46155be3c382d1de6d8829647e31 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-85  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r4m884-9e427a56c0f9a355bea2893fc6605a25\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r4m884-9e427a56c0f9a355bea2893fc6605a25 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r4m884-9e427a56c0f9a355bea2893fc6605a25 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r4m884-9e427a56c0f9a355bea2893fc6605a25 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-86  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-685 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-685 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/horizontalfilter-ortenberg.jpg\" alt='' title='horizontalfilter-ortenberg'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/horizontalfilter-ortenberg.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/horizontalfilter-ortenberg-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r4kxhv-ca57a509d5cd19aff273e7d781910a44 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Horizontal bed in Ortenberg, Hesse, a plant that has been operating without any malfunction since 1994.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-1jgo4h-e9126ff61d734d6123360fd77b841151 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-88  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  column-top-margin'     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r4meyd-62e3a672204e7c4d7cbc541b988816c2\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r4meyd-62e3a672204e7c4d7cbc541b988816c2 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r4meyd-62e3a672204e7c4d7cbc541b988816c2 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r4meyd-62e3a672204e7c4d7cbc541b988816c2 av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-89  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-683 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-683 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-kanarische-inseln-teneriffa.jpg\" alt='' title='pflanzenklaeranlage-kanarische-inseln-teneriffa'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-kanarische-inseln-teneriffa.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-kanarische-inseln-teneriffa-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r4lcul-34a9601c2e2279c48ec711565996df46 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Horizontal flow constructed wetland on Tenerife, planted with pile cane (Arundo donax).<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-2dhwi9-fcb32ddae709d37028fc9be46b9554a4\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-2dhwi9-fcb32ddae709d37028fc9be46b9554a4{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-2dhwi9-fcb32ddae709d37028fc9be46b9554a4 hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-91  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1e7r75-441163c9f8edccff7d2740f04f1fcca6 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-92  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-22t2c9-54a5ea29f892246e8c4496077196e0b6 av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-93  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r4btfr-39dc82d5e2f0f374b4d54fd99a84165a '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Vertical flow soil filter<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r4cd2m-2a7a5faf5f20455b159089cea1a03cab '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>The vertical flow constructed wetland consists of the primary settler, the feeder unit (surge feeder or pump) and the plant bed. The substrate structure is divided into a drainage layer consisting of a graded gravel aggregate, the filter layer consisting of a sandy material and the inlet distributor. The aim is to distribute the pretreated wastewater as evenly as possible over the entire surface. The wastewater percolates vertically through the filter body and is cleaned as it passes through the bottom.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r4hhfv-fdf4edd4180c8cac6c6cfea72f8bb119\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r4hhfv-fdf4edd4180c8cac6c6cfea72f8bb119 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r4hhfv-fdf4edd4180c8cac6c6cfea72f8bb119 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r4hhfv-fdf4edd4180c8cac6c6cfea72f8bb119 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-96  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_textblock '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-687 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-687 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schwallbeschicker.gif\" alt='' title='schwallbeschicker'  height=\"468\" width=\"1200\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l6o04sjx-bf5f1dd067afd51b8239cc401997a2c8 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Fig.: Plant feed in free fall with surge feeder<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r4im7b-1af0015906e5c96dd4591067b8a3c951 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>In case of a natural slope (height difference from the settling pit to the discharge point at least 2 m), the plant can be operated without current. A mechanism is necessary for the feeding, which brings the wastewater to the treatment plant in a surge. This is because the branched distribution system can only be completely filled by the pressure created as a result of the surge.<\/p>\n<p>We have optimized a surge feeder developed by the engineering office Karl Wursthorn over several years and now have a robust and reliable device. We offer the surge feeder with three different pipe diameters. By individually designing the lever length, the surge volume can be adapted to the size of the bed area.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-video av-l3r7skbt-b3205cfc9f86861a188a475121b55dd0 avia-video-16-9 av-no-preview-image avia-video-load-always avia-video-html5'  itemprop=\"video\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/VideoObject\"  data-original_url='https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Schwallbeschicker-Funktion.mp4'><video class='avia_video'    preload=\"auto\"  controls id='player_1016_866020955_262392441'><source src='https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Schwallbeschicker-Funktion.mp4' type='video\/mp4' \/><\/video><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r7t23f-b362e6e5b361f9923519c916bdb4da60 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Function of a surge feeder<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-78fht-f536f5da132b5a8491f64ac2402c245a av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-101  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-102  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-19ojfd-8a1b6acb1ace109e4ddc10fee4bfdcfd av_one_half  avia-builder-el-103  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r7w1hs-f3d8edcca0da8211daad7732d3d33fc2\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7w1hs-f3d8edcca0da8211daad7732d3d33fc2 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7w1hs-f3d8edcca0da8211daad7732d3d33fc2 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r7w1hs-f3d8edcca0da8211daad7732d3d33fc2 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-104  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-695 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-695 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/stromlose-abwasserreinigung-unterkrummenhof-schwarzwald.jpg\" alt='' title='stromlose-abwasserreinigung-unterkrummenhof-schwarzwald'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/stromlose-abwasserreinigung-unterkrummenhof-schwarzwald.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/stromlose-abwasserreinigung-unterkrummenhof-schwarzwald-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r7wazz-6143738c74e5e900bc0f819a244f76fe '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Distribution lines on the vertical filter at Unterkrummenhof, the plant is fed by a surge feeder.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-du6h-b316c2180c14bd12617a209f6c143d78 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-106  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r7wj2i-c32102548e2ca93d24350135b504800b\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7wj2i-c32102548e2ca93d24350135b504800b img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7wj2i-c32102548e2ca93d24350135b504800b .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r7wj2i-c32102548e2ca93d24350135b504800b av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-107  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-693 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-693 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/stromlose-kommunale-abwasserreiniung.jpg\" alt='' title='stromlose-kommunale-abwasserreiniung'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/stromlose-kommunale-abwasserreiniung.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/stromlose-kommunale-abwasserreiniung-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r7wr7j-5814fe68dcd1636ad4de1f55a0d5cbfc '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Dorweiler, municipal constructed wetland with gravity-flow feed.<br \/>\nFig.: Plant feed with pump<br \/>\n<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-109  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_fifth '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-z9tgh-274b5ae4659c517ec33450e5d3007de4 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-110  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_three_fifth  first flex_column_div  '     ><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-pljnd-e7c78715a5cc15f1fa874318a1505d1d av_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-111  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_fifth  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r7xy4x-b31134b030d81ceb77256e28350af6b1\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7xy4x-b31134b030d81ceb77256e28350af6b1 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7xy4x-b31134b030d81ceb77256e28350af6b1 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r7xy4x-b31134b030d81ceb77256e28350af6b1 av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-112  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-697 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-697 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/anlagenbeschickung-mit-pumpe.gif\" alt='' title='anlagenbeschickung-mit-pumpe'  height=\"468\" width=\"1200\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r7yh1o-893769c85dafb4c590f9179ad32a5dd1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Fig.: Plant feed with pump<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r7yqlr-321ff36ca7ba0bae18dfe3209951eaf3 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>If there is no natural slope, the wastewater is pumped onto the bed surface via a submersible pump. When feeding, it must be ensured that there are longer pauses between the individual pumping intervals, as it is necessary for the optimum function of a system that the filters dry out and sufficient oxygen can flow into the substrate. Short- and medium-term hydraulic overloads do not harm the system; it regenerates as soon as normal operation is resumed.<\/p>\n<p>In case of long-lasting overload, a colmation layer forms, a thin layer of algae and bacteria, which significantly reduces the permeability. Such a colmatized system functions in a limited way, but can be operated for longer periods.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-m8drl-e308a6784adeb6055cb4bf58784461f9 av_one_fifth  avia-builder-el-115  el_after_av_three_fifth  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><\/div><\/p>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-116  el_after_av_one_fifth  el_before_av_one_half '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div  class='flex_column av-dpvtd-f66705ccd7153c50c2fd3356b1f5c75c av_one_half  avia-builder-el-117  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r7zqmh-6482b3f5caa81636f44382cd69a067b2\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7zqmh-6482b3f5caa81636f44382cd69a067b2 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7zqmh-6482b3f5caa81636f44382cd69a067b2 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r7zqmh-6482b3f5caa81636f44382cd69a067b2 av-styling- avia-align-right  avia-builder-el-118  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-701 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-701 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/bodenfilter-yangshan-deep-water-port-shanghai-china.jpg\" alt='' title='bodenfilter-yangshan-deep-water-port-shanghai-china'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/bodenfilter-yangshan-deep-water-port-shanghai-china.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/bodenfilter-yangshan-deep-water-port-shanghai-china-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r80a10-69bab01cf6e7c9a2788176a466c8b7e9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Shanghai Yangshan Deep Water Port, China, constructed wetland for an administration building, feed float-controlled submersible pump<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div><div  class='flex_column av-b328h-2c1ba085500fcd64055b29ada0e38989 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-120  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div  '     ><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l3r7zyh6-11990af47b824b20409998b675ba69b0\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7zyh6-11990af47b824b20409998b675ba69b0 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l3r7zyh6-11990af47b824b20409998b675ba69b0 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l3r7zyh6-11990af47b824b20409998b675ba69b0 av-styling- avia-align-left  avia-builder-el-121  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-699 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-699 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-paraguay.jpg\" alt='' title='pflanzenklaeranlage-paraguay'  height=\"300\" width=\"400\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-paraguay.jpg 400w, https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/pflanzenklaeranlage-paraguay-300x225.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-l3r80h4d-cd68e179d57ff11359e85970d9746be5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><em>Frigor\u00edfico Pollo Don Juan, Paraguay. The feeding of the filter surfaces is carried out by centrifugal pumps exposed dry.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/p><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d{\nheight:50px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-4158a5a9816bcf27ad8942bd0d1bbf6d hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-123  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_one_full '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><\/p>\n<div  class='flex_column av-v0r9-c811709535855cf477420b846c3675c0 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-124  el_after_av_hr  el_before_av_hr  voll-breit first flex_column_div  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-l36ydlpw-76d90c98e184e9f4d05d2ec1a7709d8f\">\n.avia-image-container.av-l36ydlpw-76d90c98e184e9f4d05d2ec1a7709d8f img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-l36ydlpw-76d90c98e184e9f4d05d2ec1a7709d8f .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-l36ydlpw-76d90c98e184e9f4d05d2ec1a7709d8f av-styling- avia-align-center  avia-builder-el-125  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-198 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-198 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/100-Wellenlinien-titelbild.png\" alt='' title='100-Wellenlinien-titelbild'  height=\"196\" width=\"2000\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/janisch-schulz.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/100-Wellenlinien-titelbild.png 2000w, 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